Influence of dietary Lys levels and dietary net energy levels on growth performance and nitrogen balance of growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of L y s ine（Lys） and Net Energy （NE） levels on growth performance （Exp. I） and N balance （Exp. 2） in growing pig. In Exp. 1, 36 castrated pigs [21.35 -4- 0.55 kg of body weight （BW）] were allotted to six treatments with six replicates per treatment. Pigs were fed two levels of Lys （low and high） and three levels of NE （low, med, or high） in a 2×3 factorial arrangement. The experiment lasted for 35 d. There were no effects of dietary Lys and NE on pig performance （P〉0.05, but a Lys×NE interaction in ADG was observed （P〈0.05）. In Exp. 2, 24 pigs were used to determine the effects of diet in Exp. 1 on pig N balance. Neither Lys nor NE level affected N retention （g/d） （P〉0.0）. Lys×NE interaction in N retention （g/d） （P〈0.01） and in N apparent biological value （ABV） （P〈0.05） was observed. Pigs fed the low Lys diet had lower serum urea nitrogen （SUN） concentrations compared with the high Lys treatment （P〈0.01）. Pigs fed the med-NE diet had lower SUN concentrations compared with the pigs fed the low-NE diet （P〈0.1）. These results suggest that pigs from 21 kg to 50 kg BW fed diets containing 0.83% standardized ileal digestible Lysine and 2351 Kcal of NE/kg had maximum ADG and N retention.     

猪Cathepsin B基因和Cystatin B基因mRNA表达的发育性变化及组织差异

 【目的】研究猪肉嫩度性状候选基因-组织蛋白酶B（cathepsin B,CTSB）和半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制素B（cystatin B,CSTB）在体内不同组织、不同发育阶段的表达变化规律,为研究嫩度性状的遗传调控机理提供依据。【方法】采用荧光探针RT-PCR,定量分析CTSB和CSTB mRNA在两个品种猪的多个组织、多个发育时间点的表达量。【结果】RT-PCR结果表明,CTSB和CSTB mRNA表达量最高的组织为肾脏,心肌和骨骼肌中表达丰度低,股四头肌CSTB mRNA表达量极显著高于背最长肌。CTSB mRNA表达量在0～5月龄长白猪和梅山猪背最长肌中表现出先升高后降低的变化趋势,梅山猪峰值出现较早,并在4月龄后再次出现急剧上升。CSTB mRNA表达量在梅山猪中表现出生初期较高,随后逐渐降低的表达模式,长白猪的表达模式则为出生后表达量急剧升高,2月龄达到峰值,随后逐渐降低。2品种猪背最长肌组织CTSB和CSTB mRNA表达量表现出显著正相关。【结论】CTSB和CSTB mRNA表达量受到组织、发育阶段和品种影响,2基因mRNA表达量呈显著正相关。     

EM菌液对乳猪黄痢的防治效果

[目的]研究EM菌液对乳猪黄痢的早期防治效果。[方法]将14头母猪中每2头母猪所产的22头乳猪分为1组（共6个试验组和1个对照组）,试验组乳猪出生后分别灌胃EM原露3、5my头,发生黄痢后灌服EM原露5、10、20mL／头,对照组乳猪出生后不灌服EM原露,发病后灌服痢菌净;在饲料中掺入20mlEM原露饲喂母猪,观察所产乳猪的发病情况。[结果]灌胃试验中,试验组乳猪总发病率为6．06％,对照组乳猪发病率为40．91％,发病后灌服5mlEM原露有1头死亡、灌服10、20mlEM原露无死亡现象;在饲料中掺入20mlEM原露饲喂母猪后,所产乳猪3d内的总发病率为16．92％,对照组发病率为49．62％。[结论]EM菌液可有效防治乳猪早期黄痢。。     

基于Isomap和支持向量机算法的俯视群养猪个体识别

针对俯视群养猪视频序列,提出了一种利用机器视觉技术对猪个体进行识别的方法。首先对采集的俯视群养猪视频序列进行前景检测与目标提取,获得各单只猪个体,其后建立训练样本,提取猪个体颜色、纹理及形状特征,组合构建表征猪个体的特征向量,接着对组合特征利用Isomap算法做特征融合,在最大程度保留有效识别信息的基础上降低特征维数,最后利用优化核函数的支持向量机分类器进行训练与识别。试验选取了900帧图像,试验结果表明该文所提方法切实有效,猪个体最高识别率为92.88%。该文从机器视觉角度探索了俯视群养猪的个体识别,有别于传统的RFID猪个体识别,该研究为无应激的猪个体识别提供了新思路,也为进一步探索群养猪个体行为分析等奠定了基础。     

Genetic mapping using 1.4M SNP array refined loci for fatty acid composition traits in Chinese Erhualian and Bamaxiang pigs

Chinese indigenous pigs display marked genetic and phenotypic differences compared with western commercial pigs. In this study, we tested the association between 660K SNPs and longissimus muscle fatty acid composition traits in Chinese Erhualian (n = 331) and Bamaxiang (n = 315) pigs based on a customized 1.4 million SNP array. We identified a total of 64 significant associations for 20 fatty acid composition traits at the p‐value threshold of 1 × 10^?6 among which 42 associations in low linkage disequilibrium (r² < .2) with previously reported loci were considered novel. We substantially improved the strength and precision of the associations at four previously detected loci near FADS2, ELOVL7, ELOVL6 and FASN genes, facilitating follow‐up candidate gene studies. Moreover, we also identified loci near ABCD2, ACSBG1, ELOVL5, HPGDS, DAGT2, ACAD10 and ACSL1 genes with function relevant to metabolism of fatty acids. In this study, valuable genetic variants and candidate genes associated with fatty acid composition traits were identified in Erhualian and Bamaxiang pigs. Some identified loci could be used to improve pork nutrition in pig breeding practice. Using the SNP array with higher marker density and less ascertainment bias improved QTL detection power and precision in Chinese indigenous pigs.     

Effects of two commercial diets and technical feed treatment on stomach lesions and immune system of fattening pigs

The impact of technical feed treatment and diet on stomach lesions and traits of the local and systemic immune system were investigated in fattening pigs. Feeding groups differed in technical feed treatment (standard ground meal vs. finely ground and pelleted feed) and diet (soya bean meal vs. rapeseed meal/DDGS/soya beans). Pigs were fattened approximately 10 weeks by ad libitum feeding and slaughtered subsequently. Gastric alterations were assessed by a macroscopic scoring system [macroscopic stomach score (MSC) 0 =  normal to 4 =  severe lesions]. For immunological investigations, lymphocytes from blood and jejunal tissues were isolated. T‐cell phenotyping was carried out by staining intestinal lymphocytes with monoclonal antibodies for CD4 and CD8 and flow cytometric measurements. MSC was higher in animals fed finely ground and pelleted feed compared with their counterparts. Significant interactions between diet and feed treatment considering the MSC were observed (p = 0.027). There was no effect of diet or technical feed treatment on T cells of blood, Lymphonodi gastrici or lamina propria (LP) and intraepithelial cells. However, technical feed treatment significantly affected subsets of CD4⁺, CD8⁺, CD8^low, CD4/CD8 double‐positive T cells, the mean fluorescence intensity of CD4⁺ T cells and the ratio of CD8^low/CD8^high T cells in Peyer's patches (PP). All named parameters were reduced in PP of animals fed finely ground and pelleted feed compared with animals fed standard ground meal. Furthermore, significant differences between T cells of lymph nodes and LP were observed between animals with middle MSC (MSC = 1–2.5) and animals with high MSC (MSC = 3–4). Significant alterations in T cells of PP were observed between animals of low (MSC = 0–0.5) and high MSC. The observed effects provide the evidence that the impact of technical feed treatment is not limited on the stomach lesions. Possible stimuli and consequences of the immune system should be studied in more detail.     

面向从江香猪选育的肌内脂肪活体超声无损测定

为探索从江香猪肌内脂肪含量的超声活体预测方法,该文选取110头从江香猪育肥猪开展活体测定,以超声图像为研究对象,利用Matlab R2015b软件提取灰度-梯度共生矩阵(gray gradient cooccurrence matrix,GGCM)及4个角度灰度共生矩阵(gray level cooccurrence matrix,GLCM)图像纹理特征参数。通过逐步回归分析法构建肌内脂肪(intramuscular fat,IMF)含量预测模型,再将此模型应用于另外42头从江香猪,验证模型准确性。逐步回归分析结果表明,背膘厚、灰度平均和梯度熵3个参数指标达到显著水平(P0.05),回归预测模型决定系数R2=0.369。线性回归及相关分析得出,估测值与实测值间RMSE为0.686,皮尔逊积矩相关系数(pearson correlation coefficients)和斯皮尔曼相关系数(spearman correlation coefficients)分别为0.592和0.640(P0.001)。该研究所构建的拟合回归模型可应用于从江香猪肌内脂肪活体预测,为后期高肌内脂肪含量从江香猪的选育提供更为便捷有效的手段。     

Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid,a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor,improves the development and acetylation level of miniature porcine handmade cloning embryos

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) can change the histone acetylation and significantly enhance the developmental competence of the pre‐implantation SCNT embryo. To select a proper histone deacetylase inhibitor to improve the success rate and potentially developmental ability of handmade cloning (HMC) embryos of miniature porcine, we compared the effect of two histone deacetylase inhibitors (SAHA vs. VPA) on HMC embryo development, their histone acetylation level and the expression level of relevant genes. The blastocyst rate and number of blastocyst cells of HMC embryos treated with SAHA (SAHA‐HMC) or VPA (VPA‐HMC) were significantly higher than those of control (Control‐HMC), respectively, but there were no significant difference between SAHA‐HMC and VPA‐HMC groups. In addition, the acetylation level (AcH4K8) of Control‐HMC and VPA‐HMC embryos at the blastocyst stage, respectively, was significantly lower than that of in vitro fertilized (IVF) and SAHA‐HMC embryos. However, the acetylation H4K8 of the blastocysts had no significant difference between SAHA‐HMC and the IVF groups. The SAHA‐HMC blastocysts indicated comparative expression levels of Oct4 and HDAC1 (histone deacetyltransferase gene) with those of IVF blastocysts. In contrast, the expression levels of Oct4 were lower and those of HDAC1 were higher in the VPA‐HMC and Control‐HMC blastocysts, respectively, compared to those of the IVF blastocysts. Our results demonstrated that the HMC embryos treated by SAHA could promote the pre‐implantation development and increase the levels of histone H4K8 acetylation and the expression of the OCT4 gene, yet decrease the expression of the HDAC1 gene to the comparable level of the IVF embryos. Our results proved that SAHA may be a better histone deacetylase inhibitor for porcine HMC compared to VPA, and furthermore, it may indicate that SAHA can effectively correct the abnormal histone acetylation during the HMC embryo development and subsequently improve the full‐term developmental potential of the HMC embryos after embryo transplantation.     

挤压膨化加工对菜籽粕中抗营养因子含量及膨化菜籽粕对生长育肥猪生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究挤压膨化加工对菜籽粕(RM)中抗营养因子、营养物质含量以及膨化菜籽粕(ERM)对生长育肥猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验1:采用本实验室的TSE65双螺杆干法挤压膨化机和优化后的加工参数组合对饲料级RM进行挤压膨化加工,测定RM和ERM中的抗营养因子和营养物质含量。试验2:以RM和ERM为主要试验材料,选取72头体重为(33.82±3.72)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪,随机分成6组,每个组3个重复,每个重复4头猪。试验16周,1、3、5组分别饲喂添加6%、10%和14%RM的饲粮,试验2、4、6组分别饲喂添加6%、10%和14%ERM的饲粮;试验712周,1、3、5组分别饲喂添加10%、14%和18%RM的饲粮,试验2、4、6组分别饲喂添加10%、14%和18%ERM的饲粮。试验期为12周。结果表明:1)与RM相比,ERM中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和总磷含量都有所增加;ERM中粗脂肪和干物质含量显著升高(P0.05),半胱氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸含量显著降低(P0.05),总氨基酸含量下降了1.75%(P0.05),硫苷和植酸含量显著降低(P0.05),异硫氰酸酯和唑烷硫酮含量低于检测限0.15 mg/g,单宁含量无显著变化(P0.05)。2)16周内,同等添加量下,2、4组末重(FBW)显著高于1、3组(P0.05);4组平均日采食量(ADFI)显著高于其余各组(P0.05);各组间平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)均无显著差异(P0.05);6组粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和干物质表观消化率显著高于5组(P0.05);6组除蛋氨酸、丝氨酸和谷氨酸表观消化率与5组差异不显著(P0.05)外,其余氨基酸表观消化率均显著高于5组(P0.05)。712周内,同等添加量下,2、4组FBW高于1、3组,6组FBW低于5组,但差异均不显著(P0.05);2组粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和干物质表观消化率显著高于1组(P0.05);2组缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、苏氨酸、天冬氨酸、酪氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、半胱氨酸、脯氨酸和总氨基酸表观消化率显著高于1组(P0.05)。由此可见,挤压膨化加工能提高RM的营养价值并降低多种抗营养因子含量,在育肥猪饲粮中添加ERM可以提高育肥猪的生长性能和营养物质表观消化率。30-60 kg的育肥猪饲粮中ERM适宜添加量为10%,61120 kg的育肥猪饲粮中ERM适宜添加量为14%。     

饲粮添加亮氨酸和谷氨酸对肥育猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮添加亮氨酸和谷氨酸对肥育猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响。试验选取体重为77 kg左右的"杜×长×大"肥育猪60头,随机分为5个组,每组12头猪,公母各占1/2。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加2.05%L-丙氨酸(等氮对照组)、1.00%亮氨酸+1.37%L-丙氨酸(亮氨酸组)、1.00%谷氨酸+1.44%L-丙氨酸(谷氨酸组)、1.00%亮氨酸+1.00%谷氨酸(亮氨酸+谷氨酸组)。试验期为60 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,谷氨酸组1~30 d的平均日采食量、末重和背膘厚均显著降低(P0.05),31~60 d的平均日增重降低了22.50%(P0.05);亮氨酸组、亮氨酸+谷氨酸组背最长肌和股二头肌中的肌内脂肪含量显著增加(P0.05),且亮氨酸+谷氨酸组1~30 d的平均日增重增加了8.04%(P0.05),31~60 d的平均日增重则降低23.70%(P0.05)。与等氮对照组相比,亮氨酸组和谷氨酸组的熟肉率、滴水损失和肉色均无显著差异(P0.05),亮氨酸+谷氨酸组肌肉黄度值显著降低(P0.05);各试验组背最长肌和股二头肌中风味氨基酸含量均无显著差异(P0.05)。上述结果提示,饲粮添加1.00%亮氨酸可降低1~30 d肥育猪的料重比,增加背最长肌肌内脂肪含量;饲粮添加1.00%谷氨酸或1.00%亮氨酸+1.00%谷氨酸可增加1~30 d的平均日增重,降低31~60 d的平均日增重;饲粮添加1.00%亮氨酸+1.00%谷氨酸可降低肉色黄度值,增加肌内脂肪含量,从而改善猪肉品质。